tensor.hpp

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// Copyright (c) Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and
// other Serac Project Developers. See the top-level LICENSE file for
// details.
//
// SPDX-License-Identifier: (BSD-3-Clause)
 
#pragma once
 
#include <cmath>
 
#include "serac/infrastructure/accelerator.hpp"
#include "detail/metaprogramming.hpp"
 
namespace serac {
 
template <typename T, int... n>
struct tensor;
 
template <typename T, int m, int... n>
struct tensor<T, m, n...> {
  template <typename i_type>
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator()(i_type i)
  {
    return data[i];
  }
  template <typename i_type>
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator()(i_type i) const
  {
    return data[i];
  }
  template <typename i_type, typename... jklm_type>
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator()(i_type i, jklm_type... jklm)
  {
    return data[i](jklm...);
  }
  template <typename i_type, typename... jklm_type>
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator()(i_type i, jklm_type... jklm) const
  {
    return data[i](jklm...);
  }
 
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator[](int i) { return data[i]; }
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr const auto& operator[](int i) const { return data[i]; }
 
  tensor<T, n...> data[m];
};
 
template <typename T, int m>
struct tensor<T, m> {
  template <typename i_type>
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator()(i_type i)
  {
    return data[i];
  }
  template <typename i_type>
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator()(i_type i) const
  {
    return data[i];
  }
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator[](int i) { return data[i]; }
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr const auto& operator[](int i) const { return data[i]; }
 
  template <int last_dimension = m, typename = typename std::enable_if<last_dimension == 1>::type>
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr operator T()
  {
    return data[0];
  }
 
  template <int last_dimension = m, typename = typename std::enable_if<last_dimension == 1>::type>
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr operator T() const
  {
    return data[0];
  }
 
  T data[m];
};
 
template <typename T, int n1>
tensor(const T (&data)[n1]) -> tensor<T, n1>;
 
template <typename T, int n1, int n2>
tensor(const T (&data)[n1][n2]) -> tensor<T, n1, n2>;
 
using vec2 = tensor<double, 2>;  
using vec3 = tensor<double, 3>;  
 
using mat2 = tensor<double, 2, 2>;  
using mat3 = tensor<double, 3, 3>;  
 
struct zero {
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE operator double() { return 0.0; }
 
  template <typename T, int... n>
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE operator tensor<T, n...>()
  {
    return tensor<T, n...>{};
  }
 
  template <typename... T>
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE auto operator()(T...) const
  {
    return zero{};
  }
 
  template <typename T>
  SERAC_HOST_DEVICE auto operator=(T)
  {
    return zero{};
  }
};
 
template <typename T>
struct is_zero : std::false_type {
};
 
template <>
struct is_zero<zero> : std::true_type {
};
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator+(zero, zero) { return zero{}; }
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator+(zero, T other)
{
  return other;
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator+(T other, zero)
{
  return other;
}
 
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator-(zero) { return zero{}; }
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator-(zero, zero) { return zero{}; }
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator-(zero, T other)
{
  return -other;
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator-(T other, zero)
{
  return other;
}
 
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator*(zero, zero) { return zero{}; }
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator*(zero, T /*other*/)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator*(T /*other*/, zero)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator/(zero, T /*other*/)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
template <typename T>
void operator/(T, zero)
{
  static_assert(::detail::always_false<T>{}, "Error: Can't divide by zero!");
}
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator+=(zero, zero) { return zero{}; }
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator-=(zero, zero) { return zero{}; }
 
template <int i>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE zero& get(zero& x)
{
  return x;
}
 
template <int i>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE zero get(const zero&)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr zero dot(const T&, zero)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr zero dot(zero, const T&)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
template <typename T, int n1, int n2 = 1>
using reduced_tensor = std::conditional_t<
    (n1 == 1 && n2 == 1), double,
    std::conditional_t<n1 == 1, tensor<T, n2>, std::conditional_t<n2 == 1, tensor<T, n1>, tensor<T, n1, n2>>>>;
 
template <typename T, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto tensor_with_shape(std::integer_sequence<int, n...>)
{
  return tensor<T, n...>{};
}
 
SERAC_SUPPRESS_NVCC_HOSTDEVICE_WARNING
template <typename lambda_type>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto make_tensor(lambda_type f)
{
  using T = decltype(f());
  return tensor<T>{f()};
}
 
SERAC_SUPPRESS_NVCC_HOSTDEVICE_WARNING
template <int n1, typename lambda_type>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto make_tensor(lambda_type f)
{
  using T = decltype(f(n1));
  tensor<T, n1> A{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n1; i++) {
    A(i) = f(i);
  }
  return A;
}
 
SERAC_SUPPRESS_NVCC_HOSTDEVICE_WARNING
template <int n1, int n2, typename lambda_type>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto make_tensor(lambda_type f)
{
  using T = decltype(f(n1, n2));
  tensor<T, n1, n2> A{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n1; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n2; j++) {
      A(i, j) = f(i, j);
    }
  }
  return A;
}
 
SERAC_SUPPRESS_NVCC_HOSTDEVICE_WARNING
template <int n1, int n2, int n3, typename lambda_type>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto make_tensor(lambda_type f)
{
  using T = decltype(f(n1, n2, n3));
  tensor<T, n1, n2, n3> A{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n1; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n2; j++) {
      for (int k = 0; k < n3; k++) {
        A(i, j, k) = f(i, j, k);
      }
    }
  }
  return A;
}
 
SERAC_SUPPRESS_NVCC_HOSTDEVICE_WARNING
template <int n1, int n2, int n3, int n4, typename lambda_type>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto make_tensor(lambda_type f)
{
  using T = decltype(f(n1, n2, n3, n4));
  tensor<T, n1, n2, n3, n4> A{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n1; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n2; j++) {
      for (int k = 0; k < n3; k++) {
        for (int l = 0; l < n4; l++) {
          A(i, j, k, l) = f(i, j, k, l);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return A;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator+(const tensor<S, m, n...>& A, const tensor<T, m, n...>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} + T{}), m, n...> C{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    C[i] = A[i] + B[i];
  }
  return C;
}
 
template <typename T, int m, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator-(const tensor<T, m, n...>& A)
{
  tensor<T, m, n...> B{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    B[i] = -A[i];
  }
  return B;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator-(const tensor<S, m, n...>& A, const tensor<T, m, n...>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} + T{}), m, n...> C{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    C[i] = A[i] - B[i];
  }
  return C;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator+=(tensor<S, m, n...>& A, const tensor<T, m, n...>& B)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    A[i] += B[i];
  }
  return A;
}
 
#if 0
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator+=(tensor<T>& A, const T& B)
{
  return A.data += B;
}
#endif
 
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator+=(tensor<T, n, 1>& A, const tensor<T, n>& B)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    A.data[i][0] += B[i];
  }
  return A;
}
 
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator+=(tensor<T, 1, n>& A, const tensor<T, n>& B)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    A.data[0][i] += B[i];
  }
  return A;
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator+=(tensor<T, 1>& A, const T& B)
{
  return A.data[0] += B;
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator+=(tensor<T, 1, 1>& A, const T& B)
{
  return A.data[0][0] += B;
}
 
template <typename T, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator+=(tensor<T, n...>& A, zero)
{
  return A;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator-=(tensor<S, m, n...>& A, const tensor<T, m, n...>& B)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    A[i] -= B[i];
  }
  return A;
}
 
template <typename T, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto& operator-=(tensor<T, n...>& A, zero)
{
  return A;
}
 
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto outer(double A, tensor<T, n> B)
{
  tensor<decltype(double{} * T{}), n> AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    AB[i] = A * B[i];
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename T, int m>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto outer(const tensor<T, m>& A, double B)
{
  tensor<decltype(T{} * double{}), m> AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    AB[i] = A[i] * B;
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto outer(zero, const tensor<T, n>&)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto outer(const tensor<T, n>&, zero)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto outer(const tensor<S, m>& A, const tensor<T, n>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} * T{}), m, n> AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      AB[i][j] = A[i] * B[j];
    }
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto inner(const tensor<S, m, n>& A, const tensor<T, m, n>& B)
{
  decltype(S{} * T{}) sum{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      sum += A[i][j] * B[i][j];
    }
  }
  return sum;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto inner(const tensor<S, m>& A, const tensor<T, m>& B)
{
  decltype(S{} * T{}) sum{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    sum += A[i] * B[i];
  }
  return sum;
}
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto inner(double A, double B) { return A * B; }
 
template <typename S, int m, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto inner(const tensor<S, m, n>&, zero)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
template <typename S, int m>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto inner(const tensor<S, m>&, zero)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto inner(double, zero) { return zero{}; }
 
template <typename T, int m, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto inner(zero, const tensor<T, m, n>&)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
template <typename T, int m>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto inner(zero, const tensor<T, m>&)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto inner(zero, double) { return zero{}; }
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n, int p>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dot(const tensor<S, m, n>& A, const tensor<T, n, p>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} * T{}), m, p> AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < p; j++) {
      for (int k = 0; k < n; k++) {
        AB[i][j] = AB[i][j] + A[i][k] * B[k][j];
      }
    }
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename T, int m>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dot(const tensor<T, m>& A, double B)
{
  return A * B;
}
 
template <typename T, int m>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dot(double B, const tensor<T, m>& A)
{
  return B * A;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dot(const tensor<S, m>& A, const tensor<T, m>& B)
{
  decltype(S{} * T{}) AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    AB = AB + A[i] * B[i];
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dot(const tensor<S, m>& A, const tensor<T, m, n>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} * T{}), n> AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
      AB[i] = AB[i] + A[j] * B[j][i];
    }
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n, int p>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dot(const tensor<S, m>& A, const tensor<T, m, n, p>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} * T{}), n, p> AB{};
  for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
    AB = AB + A[j] * B[j];
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n, int p, int q>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dot(const tensor<S, m>& A, const tensor<T, m, n, p, q>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} * T{}), n, p, q> AB{};
  for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
    AB = AB + A[j] * B[j];
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dot(const tensor<S, m, n>& A, const tensor<T, n>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} * T{}), m> AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      AB[i] = AB[i] + A[i][j] * B[j];
    }
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n, int p, int q, int r>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dot(const tensor<S, m, n>& A, const tensor<T, n, p, q, r>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} * T{}), m, p, q, r> AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      AB[i] = AB[i] + A[i][j] * B[j];
    }
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n, int p, int q>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dot(const tensor<S, m, n>& A, const tensor<T, n, p, q>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} * T{}), m, p, q> AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      AB[i] = AB[i] + A[i][j] * B[j];
    }
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n, int p>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dot(const tensor<S, m, n, p>& A, const tensor<T, p>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} * T{}), m, n> AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      for (int k = 0; k < p; k++) {
        AB[i][j] += A[i][j][k] * B[k];
      }
    }
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, typename U, int m, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dot(const tensor<S, m>& u, const tensor<T, m, n>& A, const tensor<U, n>& v)
{
  decltype(S{} * T{} * U{}) uAv{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      uAv += u[i] * A[i][j] * v[j];
    }
  }
  return uAv;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n, int p, int q>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dot(const tensor<S, m, n, p, q>& A, const tensor<T, q>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} * T{}), m, n, p> AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      for (int k = 0; k < p; k++) {
        for (int l = 0; l < q; l++) {
          AB[i][j][k] += A[i][j][k][l] * B[l];
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename T>
auto cross(const tensor<T, 3, 2>& A)
{
  return tensor<T, 3>{A(1, 0) * A(2, 1) - A(2, 0) * A(1, 1), A(2, 0) * A(0, 1) - A(0, 0) * A(2, 1),
                      A(0, 0) * A(1, 1) - A(1, 0) * A(0, 1)};
}
 
template <typename T>
auto cross(const tensor<T, 2, 1>& v)
{
  return tensor<T, 2>{v(1, 0), -v(0, 0)};
}
 
template <typename T>
auto cross(const tensor<T, 2>& v)
{
  return tensor<T, 2>{v[1], -v[0]};
}
 
template <typename S, typename T>
auto cross(const tensor<S, 3>& u, const tensor<T, 3>& v)
{
  return tensor<decltype(S{} * T{}), 3>{u(1) * v(2) - u(2) * v(1), u(2) * v(0) - u(0) * v(2),
                                        u(0) * v(1) - u(1) * v(0)};
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n, int p, int q>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto double_dot(const tensor<S, m, n, p, q>& A, const tensor<T, p, q>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} * T{}), m, n> AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      for (int k = 0; k < p; k++) {
        for (int l = 0; l < q; l++) {
          AB[i][j] += A[i][j][k][l] * B[k][l];
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n, int p>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto double_dot(const tensor<S, m, n, p>& A, const tensor<T, n, p>& B)
{
  tensor<decltype(S{} * T{}), m> AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      for (int k = 0; k < p; k++) {
        AB[i] += A[i][j][k] * B[j][k];
      }
    }
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int m, int n>
constexpr auto double_dot(const tensor<S, m, n>& A, const tensor<T, m, n>& B)
{
  decltype(S{} * T{}) AB{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      AB += A[i][j] * B[i][j];
    }
  }
  return AB;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int... m, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto operator*(const tensor<S, m...>& A, const tensor<T, n...>& B)
{
  return dot(A, B);
}
 
template <typename T, int m>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto squared_norm(const tensor<T, m>& A)
{
  T total{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    total += A[i] * A[i];
  }
  return total;
}
 
template <typename T, int m, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto squared_norm(const tensor<T, m, n>& A)
{
  T total{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      total += A[i][j] * A[i][j];
    }
  }
  return total;
}
 
template <typename T, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto squared_norm(const tensor<T, n...>& A)
{
  T total{};
  for_constexpr<n...>([&](auto... i) { total += A(i...) * A(i...); });
  return total;
}
 
template <typename T, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE auto norm(const tensor<T, n...>& A)
{
  using std::sqrt;
  return sqrt(squared_norm(A));
}
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto norm(zero) { return zero{}; }
 
template <typename T, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE auto normalize(const tensor<T, n...>& A)
{
  return A / norm(A);
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE tensor<T, 3, 3> to_3x3(const tensor<T, 2, 2>& A)
{
  tensor<T, 3, 3> output{};
  output[0][0] = A[0][0];
  output[0][1] = A[0][1];
  output[1][0] = A[1][0];
  output[1][1] = A[1][1];
  return output;
}
 
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto tr(const tensor<T, n, n>& A)
{
  T trA{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    trA = trA + A[i][i];
  }
  return trA;
}
 
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto sym(const tensor<T, n, n>& A)
{
  tensor<T, n, n> symA{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      symA[i][j] = 0.5 * (A[i][j] + A[j][i]);
    }
  }
  return symA;
}
 
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto antisym(const tensor<T, n, n>& A)
{
  tensor<T, n, n> antisymA{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      antisymA[i][j] = 0.5 * (A[i][j] - A[j][i]);
    }
  }
  return antisymA;
}
 
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto dev(const tensor<T, n, n>& A)
{
  auto devA = A;
  auto trA = tr(A);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    devA[i][i] -= trA / n;
  }
  return devA;
}
 
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto diagonal_matrix(const tensor<T, n, n>& A)
{
  tensor<T, n, n> D{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    D[i][i] = A[i][i];
  }
  return D;
}
 
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr tensor<T, n, n> diag(const tensor<T, n>& d)
{
  tensor<T, n, n> D{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    D[i][i] = d[i];
  }
  return D;
}
 
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr tensor<T, n> diag(const tensor<T, n, n>& D)
{
  tensor<T, n> d{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    d[i] = D[i][i];
  }
  return d;
}
 
template <int dim>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr tensor<double, dim, dim> DenseIdentity()
{
  tensor<double, dim, dim> I{};
  for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < dim; j++) {
      I[i][j] = (i == j);
    }
  }
  return I;
}
 
template <typename T, int m, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto transpose(const tensor<T, m, n>& A)
{
  tensor<T, n, m> AT{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
      AT[i][j] = A[j][i];
    }
  }
  return AT;
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto I2(const tensor<T, 3, 3>& A)
{
  return +A[0][0] * A[1][1] + A[1][1] * A[2][2] + A[2][2] * A[0][0] - A[0][1] * A[1][0] - A[1][2] * A[2][1] -
         A[2][0] * A[0][2];
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto det(const tensor<T, 2, 2>& A)
{
  return A[0][0] * A[1][1] - A[0][1] * A[1][0];
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto det(const tensor<T, 3, 3>& A)
{
  return A[0][0] * A[1][1] * A[2][2] + A[0][1] * A[1][2] * A[2][0] + A[0][2] * A[1][0] * A[2][1] -
         A[0][0] * A[1][2] * A[2][1] - A[0][1] * A[1][0] * A[2][2] - A[0][2] * A[1][1] * A[2][0];
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto detApIm1(const tensor<T, 2, 2>& A)
{
  // From the Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we get that for any N by N matrix A,
  // det(A - I) - 1 = I1(A) + I2(A) + ... + IN(A),
  // where the In are the principal invariants of A.
  // We inline the definitions of the principal invariants to increase computational speed.
 
  // equivalent to tr(A) + det(A)
  return A(0, 0) - A(0, 1) * A(1, 0) + A(1, 1) + A(0, 0) * A(1, 1);
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto detApIm1(const tensor<T, 3, 3>& A)
{
  // For notes on the implementation, see the 2x2 version.
 
  // clang-format off
  // equivalent to tr(A) + I2(A) + det(A)
  return A(0, 0) + A(1, 1) + A(2, 2) 
       - A(0, 1) * A(1, 0) * (1 + A(2, 2))
       + A(0, 0) * A(1, 1) * (1 + A(2, 2))
       - A(0, 2) * A(2, 0) * (1 + A(1, 1))
       - A(1, 2) * A(2, 1) * (1 + A(0, 0))
       + A(0, 0) * A(2, 2)
       + A(1, 1) * A(2, 2)
       + A(0, 1) * A(1, 2) * A(2, 0)
       + A(0, 2) * A(1, 0) * A(2, 1);
  // clang-format on
}
 
template <typename T, int dim>
auto matrix_sqrt(const tensor<T, dim, dim>& A)
{
  auto B = A;
  for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
    B = 0.5 * (B + dot(A, inv(B)));
  }
  return B;
}
 
template <int i1, int i2, typename S, int m, int... n, typename T, int p, int q>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE auto contract(const tensor<S, m, n...>& A, const tensor<T, p, q>& B)
{
  constexpr int Adims[] = {m, n...};
  constexpr int Bdims[] = {p, q};
  static_assert(sizeof...(n) < 3);
  static_assert(Adims[i1] == Bdims[i2], "error: incompatible tensor dimensions");
 
  // first, we have to figure out the dimensions of the output tensor
  constexpr int new_dim = (i2 == 0) ? q : p;
  constexpr int d1 = (i1 == 0) ? new_dim : Adims[0];
  constexpr int d2 = (i1 == 1) ? new_dim : Adims[1];
  constexpr int d3 = sizeof...(n) == 1 ? 0 : ((i1 == 2) ? new_dim : Adims[2]);
 
  // the type of the output tensor is easier to figure out
  using U = decltype(S{} * T{});
 
  auto C = []() {
    if constexpr (d3 == 0) return tensor<U, d1, d2>{};
    if constexpr (d3 != 0) return tensor<U, d1, d2, d3>{};
  }();
 
  if constexpr (d3 == 0) {
    for (int i = 0; i < d1; i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j < d2; j++) {
        U sum{};
        for (int k = 0; k < Adims[i1]; k++) {
          if constexpr (i1 == 0 && i2 == 0) sum += A(k, j) * B(k, i);
          if constexpr (i1 == 1 && i2 == 0) sum += A(i, k) * B(k, j);
          if constexpr (i1 == 0 && i2 == 1) sum += A(k, j) * B(i, k);
          if constexpr (i1 == 1 && i2 == 1) sum += A(i, k) * B(j, k);
        }
        C(i, j) = sum;
      }
    }
  } else {
    for (int i = 0; i < d1; i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j < d2; j++) {
        for (int k = 0; k < d3; k++) {
          U sum{};
          for (int l = 0; l < Adims[i1]; l++) {
            if constexpr (i1 == 0 && i2 == 0) sum += A(l, j, k) * B(l, i);
            if constexpr (i1 == 1 && i2 == 0) sum += A(i, l, k) * B(l, j);
            if constexpr (i1 == 2 && i2 == 0) sum += A(i, j, l) * B(l, k);
            if constexpr (i1 == 0 && i2 == 1) sum += A(l, j, k) * B(i, l);
            if constexpr (i1 == 1 && i2 == 1) sum += A(i, l, k) * B(j, l);
            if constexpr (i1 == 2 && i2 == 1) sum += A(i, j, l) * B(k, l);
          }
          C(i, j, k) = sum;
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  return C;
}
 
template <int i1, int i2, typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE auto contract(const zero&, const T&)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
template <typename T, int... n>
double relative_error(tensor<T, n...> A, tensor<T, n...> B)
{
  return norm(A - B) / norm(A);
}
 
template <int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE bool is_symmetric(tensor<double, n, n> A, double tolerance = 1.0e-8)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
    for (int j = i + 1; j < n; ++j) {
      if (std::abs(A(i, j) - A(j, i)) > tolerance) {
        return false;
      };
    }
  }
  return true;
}
 
inline SERAC_HOST_DEVICE bool is_symmetric_and_positive_definite(tensor<double, 2, 2> A)
{
  if (!is_symmetric(A)) {
    return false;
  }
  if (A(0, 0) < 0.0) {
    return false;
  }
  if (det(A) < 0.0) {
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}
inline SERAC_HOST_DEVICE bool is_symmetric_and_positive_definite(tensor<double, 3, 3> A)
{
  if (!is_symmetric(A)) {
    return false;
  }
  if (det(A) < 0.0) {
    return false;
  }
  auto subtensor = make_tensor<2, 2>([A](int i, int j) { return A(i, j); });
  if (!is_symmetric_and_positive_definite(subtensor)) {
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}
 
template <typename T, int n>
struct LuFactorization {
  tensor<int, n> P;   
  tensor<T, n, n> L;  
  tensor<T, n, n> U;  
};
 
template <typename T, int n, int... m>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto solve_lower_triangular(const tensor<T, n, n>& L, const tensor<T, n, m...>& b,
                                                        const tensor<int, n>& P)
{
  tensor<T, n, m...> y{};
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    auto c = b[P[i]];
    for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
      c -= L[i][j] * y[j];
    }
    y[i] = c / L[i][i];
  }
  return y;
}
 
template <typename T, int n, int... m>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto solve_lower_triangular(const tensor<T, n, n>& L, const tensor<T, n, m...>& b)
{
  // no permutation provided, so just map each equation to itself
  // TODO make a convienience function for ranges like this
  // BT 05/09/2022
  tensor<int, n> P(make_tensor<n>([](auto i) { return i; }));
 
  return solve_lower_triangular(L, b, P);
}
 
template <typename T, int n, int... m>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto solve_upper_triangular(const tensor<T, n, n>& U, const tensor<T, n, m...>& y)
{
  tensor<T, n, m...> x{};
  for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    auto c = y[i];
    for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
      c -= U[i][j] * x[j];
    }
    x[i] = c / U[i][i];
  }
  return x;
}
 
template <typename S, typename T, int n, int... m>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto linear_solve(const LuFactorization<S, n>& lu_factors, const tensor<T, n, m...>& b)
{
  // Forward substitution
  // solve Ly = b
  const auto y = solve_lower_triangular(lu_factors.L, b, lu_factors.P);
 
  // Back substitution
  // Solve Ux = y
  return solve_upper_triangular(lu_factors.U, y);
}
 
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto linear_solve(const LuFactorization<T, n>& /* lu_factors */, const zero /* b */)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr tensor<double, 2, 2> inv(const tensor<double, 2, 2>& A)
{
  double inv_detA(1.0 / det(A));
 
  tensor<double, 2, 2> invA{};
 
  invA[0][0] = A[1][1] * inv_detA;
  invA[0][1] = -A[0][1] * inv_detA;
  invA[1][0] = -A[1][0] * inv_detA;
  invA[1][1] = A[0][0] * inv_detA;
 
  return invA;
}
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr tensor<double, 3, 3> inv(const tensor<double, 3, 3>& A)
{
  double inv_detA(1.0 / det(A));
 
  tensor<double, 3, 3> invA{};
 
  invA[0][0] = (A[1][1] * A[2][2] - A[1][2] * A[2][1]) * inv_detA;
  invA[0][1] = (A[0][2] * A[2][1] - A[0][1] * A[2][2]) * inv_detA;
  invA[0][2] = (A[0][1] * A[1][2] - A[0][2] * A[1][1]) * inv_detA;
  invA[1][0] = (A[1][2] * A[2][0] - A[1][0] * A[2][2]) * inv_detA;
  invA[1][1] = (A[0][0] * A[2][2] - A[0][2] * A[2][0]) * inv_detA;
  invA[1][2] = (A[0][2] * A[1][0] - A[0][0] * A[1][2]) * inv_detA;
  invA[2][0] = (A[1][0] * A[2][1] - A[1][1] * A[2][0]) * inv_detA;
  invA[2][1] = (A[0][1] * A[2][0] - A[0][0] * A[2][1]) * inv_detA;
  invA[2][2] = (A[0][0] * A[1][1] - A[0][1] * A[1][0]) * inv_detA;
 
  return invA;
}
template <typename T, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto inv(const tensor<T, n, n>& A)
{
  auto I = DenseIdentity<n>();
  return linear_solve(A, I);
}
 
template <typename T, int m, int... n>
auto& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const tensor<T, m, n...>& A)
{
  out << '{' << A[0];
  for (int i = 1; i < m; i++) {
    out << ", " << A[i];
  }
  out << '}';
  return out;
}
 
inline auto& operator<<(std::ostream& out, zero)
{
  out << "zero";
  return out;
}
 
inline SERAC_HOST_DEVICE void print(double value) { printf("%f", value); }
 
template <int m, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE void print(const tensor<double, m, n...>& A)
{
  printf("{");
  print(A[0]);
  for (int i = 1; i < m; i++) {
    printf(",");
    print(A[i]);
  }
  printf("}");
}
 
template <int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto chop(const tensor<double, n>& A)
{
  auto copy = A;
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (copy[i] * copy[i] < 1.0e-20) {
      copy[i] = 0.0;
    }
  }
  return copy;
}
 
template <int m, int n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto chop(const tensor<double, m, n>& A)
{
  auto copy = A;
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      if (copy[i][j] * copy[i][j] < 1.0e-20) {
        copy[i][j] = 0.0;
      }
    }
  }
  return copy;
}
 
namespace detail {
 
template <typename T1, typename T2>
struct outer_prod;
 
template <int... m, int... n>
struct outer_prod<tensor<double, m...>, tensor<double, n...>> {
  using type = tensor<double, m..., n...>;
};
 
template <int... n>
struct outer_prod<double, tensor<double, n...>> {
  using type = tensor<double, n...>;
};
 
template <int... n>
struct outer_prod<tensor<double, n...>, double> {
  using type = tensor<double, n...>;
};
 
template <>
struct outer_prod<double, double> {
  using type = tensor<double>;
};
 
template <typename T>
struct outer_prod<zero, T> {
  using type = zero;
};
 
template <typename T>
struct outer_prod<T, zero> {
  using type = zero;
};
 
}  // namespace detail
 
template <typename T1, typename T2>
using outer_product_t = typename detail::outer_prod<T1, T2>::type;
 
inline SERAC_HOST_DEVICE auto get_gradient(double /* arg */) { return zero{}; }
 
template <int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto get_gradient(const tensor<double, n...>& /* arg */)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto chain_rule(const zero /* df_dx */, const zero /* dx */) { return zero{}; }
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto chain_rule(const zero /* df_dx */, const T /* dx */)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
template <typename T>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto chain_rule(const T /* df_dx */, const zero /* dx */)
{
  return zero{};
}
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto chain_rule(const double df_dx, const double dx) { return df_dx * dx; }
 
template <int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto chain_rule(const tensor<double, n...>& df_dx, const double dx)
{
  return df_dx * dx;
}
 
template <int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto chain_rule(const tensor<double, n...>& df_dx, const tensor<double, n...>& dx)
{
  double total{};
  for_constexpr<n...>([&](auto... i) { total += df_dx(i...) * dx(i...); });
  return total;
}
 
template <int m, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr auto chain_rule(const tensor<double, m, n...>& df_dx, const tensor<double, n...>& dx)
{
  tensor<double, m> total{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    total[i] = chain_rule(df_dx[i], dx);
  }
  return total;
}
 
template <int m, int n, int... p>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE auto chain_rule(const tensor<double, m, n, p...>& df_dx, const tensor<double, p...>& dx)
{
  tensor<double, m, n> total{};
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      total[i][j] = chain_rule(df_dx[i][j], dx);
    }
  }
  return total;
}
 
template <typename T, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr int size(const tensor<T, n...>&)
{
  return (n * ... * 1);
}
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr int size(const double&) { return 1; }
 
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr int size(zero) { return 0; }
 
template <int i, typename T, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr int dimension(const tensor<T, n...>&)
{
  constexpr int dimensions[] = {n...};
  return dimensions[i];
}
 
template <typename T, int m, int... n>
SERAC_HOST_DEVICE constexpr int leading_dimension(tensor<T, m, n...>)
{
  return m;
}
 
template <typename T, int... n>
bool isnan(const tensor<T, n...>& A)
{
  bool found_nan = false;
  for_constexpr<n...>([&](auto... i) { found_nan |= std::isnan(A(i...)); });
  return found_nan;
}
 
inline bool isnan(const zero&) { return false; }
 
}  // namespace serac
 
#if 0
 
inline float angle_between(const vec < 2 > & a, const vec < 2 > & b) {
  return acos(clip(dot(normalize(a), normalize(b)), -1.0f, 1.0f));
}
 
inline float angle_between(const vec < 3 > & a, const vec < 3 > & b) {
  return acos(clip(dot(normalize(a), normalize(b)), -1.0f, 1.0f));
}
 
// angle between proper orthogonal matrices
inline float angle_between(const mat < 3, 3 > & U, const mat < 3, 3 > & V) {
  return acos(0.5f * (tr(dot(U, transpose(V))) - 1.0f));
}
 
inline mat < 2, 2 > rotation(const float theta) {
  return mat< 2, 2 >{
    {cos(theta), -sin(theta)},
    { sin(theta), cos(theta) }
  };
}
 
inline mat < 3, 3 > axis_to_rotation(const vec < 3 > & omega) {
 
  float norm_omega = norm(omega);
 
  if (fabs(norm_omega) < 0.000001f) {
 
    return eye< 3 >();
 
  } else {
 
    vec3 u = omega / norm_omega;
 
    float c = cos(norm_omega);
    float s = sin(norm_omega);
 
    return mat < 3, 3 >{
      {
        u[0]*u[0]*(1.0f - c) + c,
        u[0]*u[1]*(1.0f - c) - u[2]*s,
        u[0]*u[2]*(1.0f - c) + u[1]*s
      },{
        u[1]*u[0]*(1.0f - c) + u[2]*s,
        u[1]*u[1]*(1.0f - c) + c,
        u[1]*u[2]*(1.0f - c) - u[0]*s
      },{
        u[2]*u[0]*(1.0f - c) - u[1]*s,
        u[2]*u[1]*(1.0f - c) + u[0]*s,
        u[2]*u[2]*(1.0f - c) + c
      }
    };
 
  }
 
}
 
// assumes R is a proper-orthogonal matrix
inline vec < 3 > rotation_to_axis(const mat < 3, 3 > & R) {
 
  float theta = acos(clip(0.5f * (tr(R) - 1.0f), -1.0f, 1.0f));
 
  float scale;
 
  // for small angles, prefer series expansion to division by sin(theta) ~ 0
  if (fabs(theta) < 0.00001f) {
    scale = 0.5f + theta * theta / 12.0f;
  }
  else {
    scale = 0.5f * theta / sin(theta);
  }
 
  return vec3{ R(2,1) - R(1,2), R(0,2) - R(2,0), R(1,0) - R(0,1) } *scale;
 
}
 
inline mat < 3, 3 > look_at(const vec < 3 > & direction, const vec < 3 > & up = vec3{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }) {
  vec3 f = normalize(direction);
  vec3 u = normalize(cross(f, cross(up, f)));
  vec3 l = normalize(cross(u, f));
 
  return mat3{
    {f[0], l[0], u[0]},
    {f[1], l[1], u[1]},
    {f[2], l[2], u[2]}
  };
}
 
inline mat < 2, 2 > look_at(const vec < 2 > & direction) {
  vec2 f = normalize(direction);
  vec2 l = cross(f);
 
  return mat2{
    {f[0], l[0]},
    {f[1], l[1]},
  };
}
 
inline mat < 3, 3 > R3_basis(const vec3 & n) {
  float sign = (n[2] >= 0.0f) ? 1.0f : -1.0f;
  float a = -1.0f / (sign + n[2]); 
  float b = n[0] * n[1] * a;
 
  return mat < 3, 3 >{
    {
      1.0f + sign * n[0] * n[0] * a,
      b,
      n[0],
    },{
      sign * b,
      sign + n[1] * n[1] * a,
      n[1]
    },{
      -sign * n[0],
      -n[1],
      n[2]
    }
  };
}
#endif
 
#include "serac/numerics/functional/isotropic_tensor.hpp"
 
#include "serac/numerics/functional/tuple_tensor_dual_functions.hpp"